Table 2 Summary characteristics of the 12 studies included in this review
Author | Country of study | Year of publication (data) | Study Design | Sample sources | Study population | Sample size | Delirium rate | Delirium measurement | Frequency | Potential risk factors | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alvarez | USA | 2018 (2015) | prospective cohort | single-center | Children between 0 and 21Â years old | 88 | 52 (59.1%) | CAPD score | every 12Â h | gender, age, cyanotic heart disease, STS-EACTS score, CPB time | moderate |
Gregory | USA | 2021 (2016–2017) | prospective cohort | single-center | children ≥ 6 months of age with cardiac bypass surgery | 18 | 11 (61.1%) | CAPD score | every 12 h | sleep disruption | moderate |
Köditz | Germany | 2023 (2019–2021) | prospective cohort | single-center | Children between 0 and 18 years | 89 | 61 (68.5%) | CAPD score | after the ventilation phase | depth of anesthesia, age | moderate |
Li | China | 2015 (2011–2013) | retrospective cohort | single-center | Children < 36 months of age and diagnosed with PAH | 174 | 45 (25.9%) | PAED scale score | When the child awakens or becomes agitated | dexmedetomidine | moderate |
Liu | China | 2023 (2020–2022) | retrospective cohort | single-center | Children < 1 year old, and rScO2 desaturation of 10% from baseline for more than 30 s during surgery | 61 | 24 (39.3%) | CAPD score | every 12 h | aortic cross-clamp time, mechanical ventilation duration, severity of intraoperative rScO2 desaturation | moderate |
Lyu | China | 2022 (2020–2021) | prospective cohort | single-center | Children between 0 and 7 years | 216 | 114 (52.8%) | CAPD score | every 12 h | age, gender, number of invasive catheters per day, pain score, preoperative parental anxiety level, developmental delay | low |
Mao | China | 2023 (2021) | prospective cohort | single-center | Children between 0 and 8Â years | 470 | 120 (25.5%) | CAPD score | 8:00, 14:00, and 20:00 every day and at times of abnormal situations | age, (PRISM) III, non-invasive ventilation after extubation, delayed chest closure, phenobarbital dosage, promethazine dosage, mannitol usage, elevated temperature | low |
Matsuishi | Japan | 2022 (2019–2020) | prospective cohort | single-center | Children between 0 and 18 years old | 40 | 17 (42.5%) | CAPD score | up-to3-day post-operative (up to 4 days total) | brain injury marker levels: NSE | moderate |
Patel | USA | 2017 (2014–2015) | prospective cohort | single-center | Children ≤ 21 years old with cardiac bypass surgery | 194 | 95 (49.0%) | CAPD score | at least once a day | age, developmental delay, RACHS-1 score, cyanotic heart disease, albumin level | low |
Staveski | USA | 2021 (Not mention) | prospective cohort | multicenter | Children between 0 and 18Â years old | 181 | 73 (40.3%) | CAPD score | at 06:00 local time | pain score, total opioid exposure, SBS less than 0, pain medication or sedative administered in the previous 4Â h, no progressive physical therapy or ambulation schedule, parents not at bedside at time of data collection, EMCO, mechanical ventilation duration, vasoactive agents, number of invasive catheters | moderate |
Xu | China | 2020 (2019) | retrospective cohort | single-center | children receiving transthoracic device closure of VSD | 68 | 13 (19.1%) | PAED scale score | Not mention | sufentanil | high |
Yang | China | 2021 (2016–2020) | prospective cohort | single-center | Children ≤ 15 years old with CPB | 327 | 32 (9.8%) | CAPD score | every 12 h | age, CPB time, aortic cross-clamp time, type of cardiac malformation, length of ICU stay, mechanical ventilation duration, preoperative pulmonary infection, ventilator complications, postoperative complications | low |