Table 2 Studies on the triggers and risk factors of food fatal anaphylaxis
Study | Nationality/Database | Analysis | Time period | Total deaths | Rate of fatal food (per million/year) | Age | Causal foods | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mullins et al [22] (2016) | Australia/Data collected from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 1997–2013 and the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) 2000- 2013 | Retrospective | 1997–2013 2000–2013 | 324 anaphylaxis fatalities in the period 1997–2013, food (n = 23) | 1997:0 2014:0.09 | Median age 28 (range 4–66) | Seafood 50%, nuts 32% | Known food allergy 91%, asthma 68%, alcohol or recreational drugs 27%, upright posture 68%, delayed use of epinephrine |
Xu et al [19] (2014) | Canada/Data from the Ontario Coroner’s database | Retrospective | 1986- 2011 | 92 total, food in 40(43%) | 1986:0.32 2011:0.08 | Mean age 32 (range 9–78) | Peanuts, tree nuts (55%) | Known food allergy, delayed use of epinephrine |
Turner et al [16] (2015) | UK/Data from national databases recording hospital admissions and fatalities caused by anaphylaxis in England and Wales | Retrospective | 1992–2012 | 480 total, food 124(26%) | 1992:0–10 2012:0–12 | Mean age 25, median age 20. Range (4–85) | Peanuts or tree nuts (73%) | Known food allergy, asthma 78%, change in posture |