Table 2 Etiology of torticollis

Postural

607 (43.1)

Traumatic

 - Head/cervical trauma

  - C1-C2 subluxation

  - Fracture

 - Abnormal movement

  - C1-C2 subluxation

415 (29.5)

260 (62.7)

17 (6.5)

5 (1.9)

155 (37.3)

12 (7.7)

Infective/inflammatory

 - Pharyngo-tonsillitis

 - Cervical lymphadenitis

 - Otitis media

 - Post–tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy

 - Retropharyngeal abscess

 - Griesel syndrome

 - Kawasaki disease

269 (19.1)

129 (48.0)

71 (26.4)

35 (13.0)

16 (5.9)

9 (3.3)

8 (3.0)

1 (0.4)

Neurologic

 - Benign paroxysmal torticollis

 - Dystonic drug reaction

 - Genetic or likely genetic cervical dystonia

 - Hydrocephalus**

 - Myelitis

 - Arachnoid cyst

 - Arnold–Chiari malformation

 - Pseudotumor cerebri

46 (3.3)

34 (73.9)

3 (6.5)

2 (4.3)

2 (4.3)

2 (4.3)

1 (2.2)

1 (2.2)

1 (2.2)

Congenital

 - Muscular torticollis

 - Postural deformation/plagiocephaly

 - Klippel–Feil syndrome

35 (2.5)

27 (77.2)

5 (14.3)

3 (8.6)

Oncologic

 - Spinal/brain stem tumor

 - Langherans cell histiocytosis

 - Posterior fossa tumor

 - Bone tumor

 - Glioma

 - Giant cell granuloma of the mandible

17 (1.2)

5 (29.4)

4 (23.5)

3 (17.7)

2 (11.8)

2 (11.8)

1 (5.9)

Other

 Ocular

  - Strabismus

 Osteo-articular

  - Acute intervertebral disk calcification

  - Fibromyalgia

  - Idiopathic juvenile arthritis

  - Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis

 Psychogenic

  - Psychic disturbance

 Miscellanea

  - Vertebral angioma

  - PTLD***

  - Sickle cell disease

20 (1.4)

6 (30)

3 (15)

2 (10)

2 (10)

1 (5)

3 (15)

1 (5)

1 (5)

1 (5)