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  1. Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. It is known for high heterogeneity and concealed onset. In recent years, the mechanism of its occurrence and development has been gra...

    Authors: Chi-yi Jiang, Xiao Xu, Bing-lin Jian, Xue Zhang, Zhi-xia Yue, Wei Guo and Xiao-li Ma
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:134
  2. Positional plagiocephaly frequently affects healthy babies. It is hypothesized that manual therapy tailored to pediatrics is more effective in improving plagiocephalic cranial asymmetry than just repositioning...

    Authors: Iñaki Pastor-Pons, María Orosia Lucha-López, Marta Barrau-Lalmolda, Iñaki Rodes-Pastor, Ángel Luis Rodríguez-Fernández, César Hidalgo-García and Jose Miguel Tricás-Moreno
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:132
  3. Data on the effective burden of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in pediatric population are very limited, mostly because of the higher rate of asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic cases among children. Updated data on COV...

    Authors: Manola Comar, Simone Benvenuto, Marzia Lazzerini, Giorgio Fedele, Egidio Barbi, Alessandro Amaddeo, Francesco Maria Risso, Tamara Strajn, Paola Di Rocco, Paola Stefanelli and Giovanni Rezza
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:131
  4. Measures to contain the Covid-19 pandemic led to significant lifestyle changes for children and adolescents mainly related to the closure of schools and recreational activities, reduced social interaction, and...

    Authors: Arianna Dondi, Anna Fetta, Jacopo Lenzi, Francesca Morigi, Egidio Candela, Alessandro Rocca, Duccio Maria Cordelli and Marcello Lanari
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:130
  5. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is strongly associated with premature birth, but it can also affect term neonates. Unlike the extent of research in preterm neonates, risk factors associated with ...

    Authors: Paraskevi Stylianou-Riga, Theodora Boutsikou, Panayiotis Kouis, Paraskevi Kinni, Marina Krokou, Andriani Ioannou, Tania Siahanidou, Zoi Iliodromiti, Thalia Papadouri, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros and Nicoletta Iacovidou
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:129
  6. Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia (HED) is a genetic disorder which affects structures of ectodermal origin. X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) is the most common form of disease. XLHED is char...

    Authors: Mario Tumminello, Antonella Gangemi, Federico Matina, Melania Guardino, Bianca Lea Giuffrè and Giovanni Corsello
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:128
  7. Type 1 diabetes mellitus could be associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disease, but the association with Familial Mediterranean Fever is rare, we describe a cas...

    Authors: Maria Francesca Gicchino, Dario Iafusco, Angela Zanfardino, Emanuele Miraglia del Giudice and Alma Nunzia Olivieri
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:127
  8. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal-dystrophy (APECED) or autoimmune polyglandular syndrome Type 1 is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome. The disorder is caused by mutations in the AIRE (AutoImm...

    Authors: Alessandra Fierabracci, Mariafrancesca Lanzillotta, Ivana Vorgučin, Alessia Palma, Dragan Katanić and Corrado Betterle
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:126
  9. Acute pediatric poisoning is an emerging health and social problem. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of a large pediatric cohort exposed to xenobiotics, through the analysis of a Pediat...

    Authors: M. Marano, F. Rossi, L. Ravà, M. Khalil Ramla, M. Pisani, G. Bottari, L. Genuini, G. Zampini, J. Nunziata, A. Reale, M. A. Barbieri, F. Celeani, M. Di Nardo, C. Cecchetti, F. Stoppa, A. Villani…
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:125
  10. To describe clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, radiological data and outcome of pediatric cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection complicated by neurological involvement.

    Authors: L. Siracusa, A. Cascio, S. Giordano, A. A. Medaglia, G. A. Restivo, I. Pirrone, G. F. Saia, F. Collura and C. Colomba
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:123
  11. Numerous studies described the epidemiological link and main clinical features of pediatric COVID-19, during the first pandemic period. Our study encompasses several different phases since the National Lockdow...

    Authors: Francesca Crea, Filippo Maria Panfili, Maria Elisa Amodeo, Danilo Fintini, Francesco Paolo Rossi, Italo Trenta, Alessandra Menichella, Chiara Ossella, Andrea Deidda, Roberta Lidano, Giulia Macchiarulo, Caterina Lambiase, Maria Antonietta Barbieri and Massimiliano Raponi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:122
  12. Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD) is a frequent comorbidity of patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). A worsening of clinical conditions appears before CFRD. It has been demonstrated a decline in pulmonary ...

    Authors: Francesco Maria Rosanio, Enza Mozzillo, Chiara Cimbalo, Alberto Casertano, Angela Sepe, Valeria Raia, Adriana Franzese and Antonella Tosco
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:121
  13. Children affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) showed various manifestations. Some of them were severe cases presenting with multi-system inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) causing multiple organ dysfunct...

    Authors: Houda Ajmi, Wissem Besghaier, Wafa Kallala, Abdelhalim Trabelsi and Saoussan Abroug
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:120
  14. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is often non severe and in the majority of cases does not require long term hospitalization, nevertheless it is burdened with social issues and managing difficulties.

    Authors: Vitangelo Clemente, Costanza Tripiciano, Patrizio Moras, Daniele Deriu, Martina Di Giuseppe, Anna Lucia Piscitelli, Michela Cammerata, Maria Antonietta De Ioris, Francesca Ippolita Calò Carducci, Stefania Bernardi, Andrea Campana, Patrizia D’Argenio and Paolo Rossi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:119
  15. In-hospital cardiac arrest is a major public health issue. It is a serious condition; most probably end up with death within a few minutes even with corrective measures. However, cardiopulmonary resuscitation ...

    Authors: Melaku Bimerew, Adam Wondmieneh, Getnet Gedefaw, Teshome Gebremeskel, Asmamaw Demis and Addisu Getie
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:118
  16. Regular blood transfusion has improved the overall survival and quality of life for patients with hereditary hemolytic anemias. Nevertheless, it carries a real risk of acquisition of blood-borne virus infectio...

    Authors: Laila M. Sherief, Seham M. Ragab, Mohamed A. Helwa, Naglaa M. Kamal, Mona R. Afify, Rasha T. S. Mohammed, Ghada Abd Elmoniem Mokhtar and Hanan S. Sherbiny
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:117
  17. Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is a rare disease characterized by profound vascular leakage and presents as a classic triad of hypotension, hypoalbuminemia and hemoconcentration. Severe CLS is mostly induced by...

    Authors: Li-Fen Yang, Jia-Chang Ding, Ling-Ping Zhu, Li-Xia Li, Meng-Qi Duan, Zhuang-gui Chen, Xin-Yi Tang and Ya-Ting Li
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:116
  18. Delayed cord clamping in full-term neonates is widely recommended, while in practice, it is rarely implemented in cesarean section due to the fear of neonatal jaundice and excessive maternal blood loss. The op...

    Authors: Hailing Shao, Shichu Gao, Qiujing Lu, Xiaomin Zhao, Ying Hua and Xiaomei Wang
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:115
  19. Trachoma is an infectious disease of the eye caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and transmitted via contact with eye discharge from infected persons and leading to blindness worldwide. Children less than 9 years of ...

    Authors: Kessete Ayelgn, Tadesse Guadu and Atalay Getachew
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:114
  20. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is a group of conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Patients with FASD experience a variety of neuropsychological symptoms resulting from central ne...

    Authors: Katarzyna Anna Dylag, Bożena Bando, Zbigniew Baran, Paulina Dumnicka, Katarzyna Kowalska, Paulina Kulaga, Katarzyna Przybyszewska, Jakub Radlinski, Sylvia Roozen and Leopold Curfs
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:113
  21. The sweat chloride test (ST) is the gold standard for cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosis in symptomatic patients, within the newborn screening and in the follow-up of CF patients during molecular therapies. Howeve...

    Authors: C. Cimbalo, A. Tosco, V. Terlizzi, A. Sepe, A. Castaldo, L. Salvadori and V. Raia
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:112
  22. Tooth decay is one of the diseases that is closely related to people’s behaviors and it can have adverse effects on their performance and their success in the future. Brushing twice a day is the simplest and m...

    Authors: Robabeh Haghi, Asieh Ashouri, Mahmood Karimy, Nooshin Rouhani-Tonekaboni, Parisa Kasmaei, Farahnaz Pakdaman and Iraj Zareban
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:111
  23. Children with medical complexity (CMC) have been defined (Cohen et al., Pediatrics 127: 529–538, 2011.) as an emerging population potentially eligible for PPC. The current study investigated the prevalence of ...

    Authors: S. Amarri, A. Ottaviani, A. Campagna and L. De Panfilis
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:110
  24. Congenital hypothyroidism is an endocrine disease with a significant incidence in the general population (1:2000–1:3000 newborns in Italy) and a different geographical distribution, partially explained by ende...

    Authors: Maria Cristina Maggio, Saveria Sabrina Ragusa, Tommaso Silvano Aronica, Orazia Maria Granata, Eleonora Gucciardino and Giovanni Corsello
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:108
  25. Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy in which HLA-DQ haplotypes define susceptibility. Our aim was to evaluate if belonging to a certain HLA-DQ class risk could be associated to the clinical, serol...

    Authors: Carlo Tolone, Marisa Piccirillo, Pasquale Dolce, Salvatore Alfiero, Mattia Arenella, Marina Sarnataro, Patrizia Iardino, Alessia Pucciarelli and Caterina Strisciuglio
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:107
  26. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the safest and healthiest option of feeding among infants in the first 6 months throughout the world. Thus, promotion of EBF is essential to prevent complex infant health probl...

    Authors: Shambel Aychew Tsegaw, Yeshimebet Ali Dawed and Erkihun Tadesse Amsalu
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:106
  27. Child abuse and neglect, or maltreatment, is a serious public health problem, which may cause long-term effects on children’s health and wellbeing and expose them to further adulthood vulnerabilities. Studies ...

    Authors: Paola Nigri, Giovanni Corsello, Luigi Nigri, Donjeta Bali, Giorgina Kuli-Lito, Doina Plesca, Tudor Lucian Pop, Angel Carrasco-Sanz, Leyla Namazova-Baranova, Julije Mestrovic, Mehmet Vural, Ida Giardino, Laszlo Losonczi, Eli Somekh, Maria Teresa Balducci, Massimo Pettoello-Mantovani…
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:105
  28. Although many studies emphasize the importance of using oxygen saturation (SpO2) targets in the NICUs, there is a wide variability in used saturation ranges among centers. Primary aim was to draw a representative...

    Authors: Serafina Perrone, Maurizio Giordano, Giuseppe De Bernardo, Paola Lugani, Pasquale Sarnacchiaro, Gemma Stazzoni, Giuseppe Buonocore, Susanna Esposito and Maria Luisa Tataranno
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:104
  29. Although with exceptions, evidence seems to indicate that children have lower susceptibility than adults to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. When infected, children gener...

    Authors: Susanna Esposito, Fabio Caramelli and Nicola Principi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:103
  30. Stunting is a critical public health problem of developing countries like Ethiopia. Different interventions like irrigation activity have been carried out by the government of Ethiopia to improve the nutrition...

    Authors: Balew Sema, Muluken Azage and Mulat Tirfie
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:102
  31. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only causal therapy for IgE-mediated allergy. There is less evidence about the safety and efficacy of AIT especially subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in children under 5 ye...

    Authors: Yaqi Yang, Dongxia Ma, Nan Huang, Wenjing Li, Qing Jiang, Yin Wang, Xiaolong Wang, Lin Yang and Rongfei Zhu
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:101
  32. Risk factors that predispose the development of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among pediatric CAP patients of different age ranges are yet to be identified.

    Authors: Lumin Chen, Chong Miao, Yanling Chen, Xian Han, Ziying Lin, Hong Ye, Chengyi Wang, Huijie Zhang, Jingjing Li, Qiuyu Tang, Yuan Dong, Meng Bai, Yibing Zhu and Guanghua Liu
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:100
  33. Appropriate healthcare-seeking behavior and access to the health care facility is key to improving health service utilization. Although the accessibility of comprehensive childhood disease intervention service...

    Authors: Martha Bellete, Moges Muluneh Boke and Melaku Kindie Yenit
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:99
  34. Despite ibuprofen widely recognized safety profile, an increase of suspected adverse events has been reported in the last decade in parallel with its growing over-the-counter use. The aims of this study were t...

    Authors: Massimo Martinelli, Lucia Quaglietta, Giuseppe Banderali, Pietro Ferrara, Claudio Romano and Annamaria Staiano
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:98
  35. In 2019, a multidisciplinary panel of experts from eight Italian scientific paediatric societies developed a consensus document for the use of inhaled corticosteroids in the management and prevention of the mo...

    Authors: Marzia Duse, Francesca Santamaria, Maria Carmen Verga, Marcello Bergamini, Giovanni Simeone, Lucia Leonardi, Giovanna Tezza, Annamaria Bianchi, Annalisa Capuano, Fabio Cardinale, Giovanni Cerimoniale, Massimo Landi, Monica Malventano, Mariangela Tosca, Attilio Varricchio, Anna Maria Zicari…
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:97

    The Correction to this article has been published in Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2022 48:35

  36. Kawasaki disease (KD) is a vasculitis of unknown origin of small and medium caliber blood vessels, especially involving coronary arteries and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in childhood in deve...

    Authors: Alice Annalisa Medaglia, Lucia Siracusa, Claudia Gioè, Salvatore Giordano, Antonio Cascio and Claudia Colomba
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:95
  37. Genetic diseases are chronic conditions with relevant impact on the lives of patients and their families. In USA and Europe it is estimated a prevalence of 60 million affected subjects, 75% of whom are in deve...

    Authors: Gregorio Serra, Luigi Memo, Alessandra Coscia, Mario Giuffré, Ambra Iuculano, Mariano Lanna, Diletta Valentini, Anna Contardi, Sauro Filippeschi, Tiziana Frusca, Fabio Mosca, Luca A. Ramenghi, Corrado Romano, Annalisa Scopinaro, Alberto Villani, Giuseppe Zampino…
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:94
  38. Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is a kind of common neurally mediated syncope in children and adolescents. Decreased blood volume is one of the pathogenesis of VVS. The diagnosis of VVS is mainly based on head-up tilt...

    Authors: Ping Liu, Xingfang Zeng, Wanzhen Mei, Yuwen Wang, Runmei Zou and Cheng Wang
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:93
  39. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common immune-mediated skin disease in childhood. Several treatment options for pediatric AD, both topical and systemic, are currently available. We carried out a single-cent...

    Authors: Davide Geat, Mattia Giovannini, Gabriele Barlocco, Riccardo Pertile, Manuela Pace, Francesca Mori, Elio Novembre, Giampiero Girolomoni, Mario Cristofolini and Ermanno Baldo
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:92
  40. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of balneotherapy in atopic dermatitis (AD), including a pediatric open randomized clinical trial conducted at the Comano thermal spring water center, which showed...

    Authors: Davide Geat, Mattia Giovannini, Ezio Gabriele Barlocco, Riccardo Pertile, Stefania Farina, Manuela Pace, Cesare Filippeschi, Giampiero Girolomoni, Mario Cristofolini and Ermanno Baldo
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:91
  41. Since December 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan and spread rapidly worldwide. Despite the high number of people affected, data on clinical features and prognostic factors in children and ad...

    Authors: Isabella Tarissi De Jacobis, Rosa Vona, Camilla Cittadini, Alessandra Marchesi, Laura Cursi, Lucrezia Gambardella, Alberto Villani and Elisabetta Straface
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:90
  42. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Rui Jin Xie, Tian Xiao Li, Chenyu Sun, Ce Cheng, Jinlin Zhao, Hua Xu and Yueying Liu
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:89

    The original article was published in Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:49

  43. The increased intracranial pressure (ICP) syndrome may emerge depending on many different neurological factors and the early diagnosis and treatment are important for the prevention of neurologic damage and re...

    Authors: Didar Arslan, Dinçer Yıldızdaş, Özden Özgür Horoz, Nagehan Aslan and Faruk İncecik
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:88
  44. Cystic Fibrosis newborn screening (CFNBS) is the optimal method to diagnose the disease during the asymptomatic period. The aim of the study was to determine how CFNBS affects long term clinical outcomes.

    Authors: M. Olszowiec-Chlebna, E. Mospinek and J. Jerzynska
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:87
  45. Several studies have shown that during COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, emotional symptoms increased in the general population. Less is known about youths.

    Authors: Simone Pisano, Gennaro Catone, Antonella Gritti, Luisa Almerico, Anna Pezzella, Pia Santangelo, Carmela Bravaccio, Raffaella Iuliano and Vincenzo Paolo Senese
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:86
  46. The existing treatment options for neonatal seizures have expanded over the last few decades, but no consensus has been reached regarding the optimal therapeutic protocols. We systematically reviewed the avail...

    Authors: Raffaele Falsaperla, Bruna Scalia, Andrea Giugno, Piero Pavone, Milena Motta, Martina Caccamo and Martino Ruggieri
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2021 47:85

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