Skip to main content
Download PDF

Prevalence and types of video gaming and gambling activities among adolescent public school students: findings from a cross-sectional study in Italy

Italian Journal of Pediatrics volume 48, Article number: 108 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Adolescence is characterized by emotional instability and risk-taking behaviours that can lead to, among other things, an increased risk of developing pathological video-gaming and gambling habits. The aim of this Study is to assess the prevalence and type of video gaming and gambling habits in adolescent students attending Italian upper-secondary schools. The cross-sectional study was conducted via an online survey using validated questionnaires. The primary outcome measures were the prevalence of past-year video gaming and gambling activities. The sample consisted of 502 adolescent students from first- and second-grade secondary schools. A total of 40.8% of participants were video gamers, 4.8% were gamblers, 17.8% were both video gamers and gamblers, and the remaining 36.6% were not players. Among participants who reported video gaming activity (n = 294), 68.0% were classified as nonproblem gamers, 24.5% as at-risk gamers, and 7.5% as disordered video gamers. Among the participants who reported gambling activity (n = 113), 85.8% were not problematic gamblers, 8.9% were at-risk gamblers, and 5.3% were pathological gamblers. Only 0.2% of all subjects met the criteria for both pathological gambling and pathological video game use. The findings indicate that video gaming and gambling are common leisure times among adolescent students. However, a small but significant minority of these adolescents met the criteria for either severe problem gaming or gambling or both.

Introduction

Adolescence is characterized by emotional instability and risk-taking behaviours that can lead to, among other things, an increased propensity to develop pathological video-gaming and gambling habits.

The eleventh edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11), which was produced by the World Health Organization, defines gaming disorder as a pattern of recurrent or persistent gaming behaviour manifested by impaired control over gaming, exaggerated priority given to gaming (which takes precedence over daily activities as well as other life interests), and perpetuation or even intensification of gaming despite the occurrence of negative consequences. Furthermore, it defines gambling disorder using the same criteria but referring to gambling instead of gaming behaviours.

Growing empirical evidence suggests that each of these two disorders is positively associated with adolescents’ mental health issues [1, 2], substance use [3, 4], and physical violence [3, 5]. With regard to epidemiologic data, at present, it is estimated that 0.2%-12.3% of adolescents in Europe meet the criteria for internet gaming disorder [6], whereas 0.2%-5.0% meet the criteria for problem gambling [7], with large heterogeneity across nations.

Therefore, it is not surprising that pathological use of video gaming and pathological gambling have become an emerging public health problem [8, 9]. However, to define efficient prevention and intervention plans and to properly allocate resources, a precise estimation of these mental disorders among adolescents remains an urgent requirement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and type of video gaming and gambling habits in adolescent students attending Italian upper-secondary schools.

Methods

Study design and participants

This is a cross-sectional study with convenient sampling. The participants were recruited from five first-grade secondary public schools (‘middle school’) and five second-grade secondary public schools (‘high school’) located in Brescia Province (Northern Italy). Data collection was carried out from February 2020 until March 2021 through an online survey. A detailed description of the study protocol was published previously [10].

Measures

The Video-Gaming Scale for Adolescents (VGS-A) and the Gambling Behavior Scale for Adolescents (GBS-A) were used to assess video gaming and gambling behaviours, respectively, that occurred during the last year. They classify the respondents as nonproblem, at-risk, or disordered gamer/gambler. Sociodemographic and educational information were also collected. For a detailed description of the measures, see [11, 12].

Statistical analysis

Descriptive analyses were performed using R version 4.0.2 (R Foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria).

Results

A total of 502 adolescent students completed the assessments. The mean age of the participants was 15.9 (SD = 1.93). Most of the participants were female (67.7%), attended high school (79.7%), and had never failed a school year (85.9%). The results indicate that 40.8% of participants were video gamers, 4.8% were gamblers, 17.8% were both video gamers and gamblers, and the remaining 36.6% were not players. More specifically, among participants who reported video gaming activity (n = 294), 68.0% were classified as nonproblem gamers, 24.5% as at-risk gamers, and 7.5% as disordered video gamers. On the other hand, among the respondents who reported gambling activity (n = 113), 85.8% were not problematic gamblers, 8.9% were at-risk gamblers, and 5.3% were pathological gamblers. Only 0.2% of all subjects met the criteria for both pathological gambling and pathological video game use. The demographic information and prevalence rates of video gaming and gambling activities of adolescent responders to the survey are reported in Table 1.

Table 1 Demographics and prevalence of video gaming and gambling activities
Full size table

Discussion and conclusion

Our findings indicate that video gaming and, to a lesser extent, gambling are common leisure activities among adolescents, and were reported by approximately half and one-fourth of the students surveyed, respectively. However, a small but significant minority (5.0%) of these adolescents met the criteria for either severe problem gaming, severe problem gambling or both. The evidence presented here is consistent with international literature [7, 8] and will hopefully encourage more research into youth video gaming and gambling to better elucidate the determinants of these phenomena.

The major limitations of this study are the cross-sectional design, the use of self-report tools, and a limited sample size that did not allow the use of logistic regression analysis to determine the specific odds for various vulnerability and protective factors.

Future studies should expand the sample size and include adolescents who do not attend school and represent different parts of the country. Assessing the prevalence of problematic video gaming use and gambling in adolescents would help to increase awareness about these emergent public health issues and take specific measures for preventing, identifying, managing, and treating these disorders.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ICD-11:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

VGS-A:

Video-Gaming Scale for Adolescents

GBS-A:

Gambling Behavior Scale for Adolescents

SD:

Standard Deviation

References

  1. González-Bueso V, Santamaría JJ, Fernández D, Merino L, Montero E, Ribas J. Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040668.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Nigro G, Cosenza M, Ciccarelli M. The blurred future of adolescent gamblers: Impulsivity, time horizon, and emotional distress. Front Psychol. 2017;8:486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00486.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Ko CH, Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Weng CC, Chen CC. The association between Internet addiction and problematic alcohol use in adolescents: the problem behavior model. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008;11:571–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Turel O, Bechara A. Little video-gaming in adolescents can be protective, but too much is associated with increased substance use. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54:384–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1496455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hoff RA, Howell JC, Wampler J, Krishnan-Sarin S, Potenza MN. Differences in associations between problematic video-gaming, video-gaming duration, and weapon-related and physically violent behaviors in adolescents. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;121:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Calado F, Alexandre J, Griffiths MD. Prevalence of adolescent problem gambling: A systematic review of recent research. J Gambl Stud. 2017;33(2):397–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9627-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mihara S, Higuchi S. Cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies of Internet gaming disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;71(7):425–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12532.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Armitage R. Gambling among adolescents: an emerging public health problem. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(3):e143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00026-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Rumpf HJ, Achab S, Billieux J, Bowden-Jones H, Carragher N, Demetrovics Z, et al. Including gaming disorder in the ICD-11: the need to do so from a clinical and public health perspective. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(3):556–61. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.59.

  10. Cena L, Rota M, Trainini A, Zecca S, Bonetti Zappa S, Stefana A. Investigating adolescents’ video gaming and gambling activities, and their relationship with behavioral, emotional, and social difficulties: protocol for a multi-informant study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2022;11(2):e33376. https://doi.org/10.2196/33376.

  11. Primi C, Donati M, Chiesi F. VGS-A - Video-Gaming Scale for Adolescents. Florence: Hogrefe Editore; 2017.

  12. Primi C, Donati M, Chiesi F. Gambling behavior scale for adolescents GBS-A: manuale. Florence: Hogrefe Editore; 2015.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the students, their parents, teachers and principals of first- and second-grade secondary schools who participated in the study. We would like to thank Referents for the IV area Brescia Territorial School Office and Referents of the “Observatory of Ludopathies and Gambling”, Lombardy Region.

Funding

This work was funded by the Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Observatory of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, Observatory of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, University of Brescia, viale Europa, 11 - 25123, Brescia, Italy

    Loredana Cena, Alice Trainini, Sara Zecca, Sofia Bonetti Zappa, Luisa Silvia Nodari & Alberto Stefana

  2. Units of Biostatistics and Biomathematics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

    Matteo Rota & Stefano Calza

  3. Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Alberto Stefana

Authors
  1. Loredana Cena
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matteo Rota
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stefano Calza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alice Trainini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sara Zecca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sofia Bonetti Zappa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Luisa Silvia Nodari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Alberto Stefana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

LC and AS conceived the study design of the work and participated in the writing of the manuscript; AT, SZ, SBZ, LSN administered the questionnaires (acquisition of data); AS designed the plan of statistical analysis of the study; MR and SC performed statistical data analyses; LC and AS contributed to data interpretation; LC, AS and AT revised the work; All authors read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Loredana Cena.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy (Register Number: NP3862, January 29, 2020).

All methods were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or, if participants are under 18, from a parent and/or legal guardian.

Consent for publication

The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this Study.

Competing interests

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cena, L., Rota, M., Calza, S. et al. Prevalence and types of video gaming and gambling activities among adolescent public school students: findings from a cross-sectional study in Italy. Ital J Pediatr 48, 108 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01299-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01299-2

Keywords

  • Video gaming behaviours
  • Gambling behaviours
  • Adolescence

Italian Journal of Pediatrics

ISSN: 1824-7288

Contact us