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Allergology and Immunology

This section considers studies regarding the epidemiology, pathology, prevention, and control of allergic and immunologic diseases in children and adolescents.

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  1. Since the fundamental principles of the medical profession were clearly defined in a physician charter in 2002, special considerations have been expressed about the adequate distribution of health care resourc...

    Authors: Roberto Bernardini, Giampaolo Ricci, Francesca Cipriani, Flavio Civitelli, Luciana Indinnimeo, Domenico Minasi, Luigi Terracciano and Marzia Duse
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2016 42:55
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  2. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has been defined as “asthma of the esophagus” for the large number of similarities between the two diseases. Omalizumab is an anti-Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody currently appro...

    Authors: Stefania Arasi, Stefano Costa, Giuseppe Magazzù, Antonio Ieni, Giuseppe Crisafulli, Lucia Caminiti, Fernanda Chiera, Mario Vaccaro, Michele Miraglia Del Giudice and Giovanni Battista Pajno
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2016 42:32
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  3. The Italian Consensus Conference on clinical management of atopic dermatitis in children reflects the best and most recent scientific evidence, with the aim to provide specialists with a useful tool for managi...

    Authors: Elena Galli, Iria Neri, Giampaolo Ricci, Ermanno Baldo, Maurizio Barone, Anna Belloni Fortina, Roberto Bernardini, Irene Berti, Carlo Caffarelli, Elisabetta Calamelli, Lucetta Capra, Rossella Carello, Francesca Cipriani, Pasquale Comberiati, Andrea Diociaiuti, Maya El Hachem…
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2016 42:26
    Content type: Review Published on:

  4. Very few studies have explored the distinguishing features of severe asthma in childhood in Europe, and only one study was conducted in Southern Europe. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed characte...

    Authors: Silvia Montella, Eugenio Baraldi, Salvatore Cazzato, Raffaele Aralla, Mariangela Berardi, Luigia Maria Brunetti, Fabio Cardinale, Renato Cutrera, Fernando Maria de Benedictis, Emanuela di Palmo, Sabrina Di Pillo, Grazia Fenu, Stefania La Grutta, Enrico Lombardi, Giorgio Piacentini, Francesca Santamaria…
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2016 42:9
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Data on specific IgE sensitization prevalence in children with allergy-like symptoms seen in the primary care setting are rare. Early diagnosis of allergic diseases is important to prevent clinical manifestati...

    Authors: Alessandro Fiocchi, Valentina Pecora, Carl Johan Petersson, Lamia Dahdah, Magnus P. Borres, Maria J. Amengual, Johannes Huss-Marp, Oscar Mazzina and Francesco Di Girolamo
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2015 41:96
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Celiac Disease (CD) is an immune-mediated systemic disorder elicited by gluten and related prolamines in genetically susceptible individuals and it is the result of the interaction between genetic and environm...

    Authors: Marco Sarno, Valentina Discepolo, Riccardo Troncone and Renata Auricchio
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2015 41:57
    Content type: Review Published on:

  8. Food allergies are perceived as a significant problem in school environments; as a result, a teacher’s ability to recognise and deal with allergic reactions is of fundamental importance to protect children’s h...

    Authors: Licia Ravarotto, Giulia Mascarello, Anna Pinto, Maria Rita Schiavo, Marina Bagni and Lucia Decastelli
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:100
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Recurrent respiratory infections (RRI), such as the presence of at least one of the following criteria: i) >6 RI per year; ii) >1 RI per month involving upper airways from September to April; iii) >3 RI involv...

    Authors: Alfonso Maria Varricchio, Michele Capasso, Antonio della Volpe, Luigi Malafronte, Nicola Mansi, Attilio Varricchio and Giorgio Ciprandi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:93
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. Severe Congenital Neutropenia type 4 (SCN4, OMIM 612541) is a rare autosomal recessive disease due to mutations in the G6PC3 gene. The phenotype comprises neutropenia of variable severity and other anomalies incl...

    Authors: Lucia Dora Notarangelo, Gianfranco Savoldi, Sara Cavagnini, Veronica Bennato, Sabrina Vasile, Alba Pilotta, Alessandro Plebani and Fulvio Porta
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:80
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  11. The syndrome of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X linked (IPEX) is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the FOXP3 gene. Diarrhea, diabetes and dermatitis are the hallmark of the diseas...

    Authors: Daniele Zama, Ilaria Cocchi, Riccardo Masetti, Fernando Specchia, Patrizia Alvisi, Eleonora Gambineri, Mario Lima and Andrea Pession
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:68
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  12. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease and can be the first step of the atopic march.

    Authors: Giampaolo Ricci, Arianna Dondi, Iria Neri, Lorenza Ricci, Annalisa Patrizi and Andrea Pession
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:46
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. During the last century, mass vaccination programs have achieved considerable success across the world in immunizing against several serious infectious diseases. However, vaccinations are threatened by their o...

    Authors: Luciana Nicolosi, Annachiara Vittucci, Rossella Mancini, Elena Bozzola, Alberto Cagigi, Annalisa Grandin and Alberto Villani
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:31
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. The low uptake of tetanus vaccine and its resultant high burden of tetanus in Nigeria suggest the need to improve routine and booster vaccination in children and adolescents. However, epidemiological evidence ...

    Authors: Adebola E Orimadegun, Akinlolu A Adepoju and Olusegun O Akinyinka
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:29
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Asthma is the result of a complex interaction between environmental factors and genetic variants that confer susceptibility. The glutathione S-transferases (GSTT1 and GSTM1) are phase II enzymes thought to pro...

    Authors: Nihal El Rifai, Nadia Moustafa, Nelly Degheidy and Manal Wilson
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Invasive aspergillosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Among primary immunodefiencies, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) has the highest prevalence of invasive...

    Authors: Eda Kepenekli, Ahmet Soysal, Canan Kuzdan, Nezih Onur Ermerak, Mustafa Yüksel and Mustafa Bakır
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:2
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  17. Although the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of food allergy recognize the role of nutrition, there is few literature on the practical issues concerning the nutritional management of children with fo...

    Authors: Marcello Giovannini, Enza D'Auria, Carlo Caffarelli, Elvira Verduci, Salvatore Barberi, Luciana Indinnimeo, Iride Dello Iacono, Alberto Martelli, Enrica Riva and Roberto Bernardini
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 40:1
    Content type: Review Published on:

  19. Epidemiological studies show that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are common worldwide and associated with many diseases including asthma. Our aim was to evaluate vitamin D insufficiency and its clinica...

    Authors: Metin Uysalol, Levent Cem Mutlu, Gamze Varol Saracoglu, Erkut Karasu, Savas Guzel, Semra Kayaoglu and Nedret Uzel
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:78
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. At the end of 1990s, acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) were called the 'forgotten pandemic’, with a clear dichotomy between developing and industrialised countries in mortality and morbidity, the main...

    Authors: Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti and Chiara Mameli
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:75
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  22. We report on pediatric patient with Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), a rare DNA repair disorder characterized by microcephaly, immunodeficiency and predisposition to malignant lymphomas, who developed juvenil...

    Authors: Srdjan Pasic, Maja Cupic, Tanja Jovanovic, Slobodanka Djukic, Maja Kavaric and Ivana Lazarevic
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:59
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  23. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is one of the most severe forms of primary immunodeficiency (PID). Complications of BCG vaccination, especially disseminated infection and its most severe forms, are kno...

    Authors: Pérsio Roxo-Junior, Jorgete Silva, Mauro Andrea, Larissa Oliveira, Fernando Ramalho, Thiago Bezerra and Altacílio A Nunes
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:54
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  24. Skin prick tests are the first investigation in allergy diagnostics and their use is described in all the guidelines on atopic eczema. However, the clinical usefulness of skin prick tests is the subject of gre...

    Authors: Carlo Caffarelli, Arianna Dondi, Carlotta Povesi Dascola and Giampaolo Ricci
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:48
    Content type: Review Published on:

  25. The exact prevalence of food allergy in the general population is unknown, but almost 12% of pediatric population refers a suspicion of food allergy. IgE mediated reactions to food are actually the best-charac...

    Authors: Anna Maria Castellazzi, Chiara Valsecchi, Silvia Caimmi, Amelia Licari, Alessia Marseglia, Maria Chiara Leoni, Davide Caimmi, Michele Miraglia del Giudice, Salvatore Leonardi, Mario La Rosa and Gian Luigi Marseglia
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:47
    Content type: Review Published on:

  26. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is an uncommon and potentially severe non IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy. It is usually caused by cow’s milk or soy proteins, but may also be tri...

    Authors: Lucia Caminiti, Giuseppina Salzano, Giuseppe Crisafulli, Federica Porcaro and Giovanni Battista Pajno
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:31
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  27. Recurrent respiratory infections are one of the most important causes of morbidity in childhood. When immune functions are still largely immature, the airway epithelium plays a primary defensive role since, be...

    Authors: Sonia Carta, Michela Silvestri and Giovanni A Rossi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:29
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Ocular allergy represents one of the most common conditions encountered by allergists and ophthalmologists. Allergic conjunctivitis is often underdiagnosed and consequently undertreated. Basic and clinical res...

    Authors: Mario La Rosa, Elena Lionetti, Michele Reibaldi, Andrea Russo, Antonio Longo, Salvatore Leonardi, Stefania Tomarchio, Teresio Avitabile and Alfredo Reibaldi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:18
    Content type: Review Published on:

  29. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the development of post-natal gastrointestinal functions of the host. Recent advances in our capability to identify microbes and their function offer exciti...

    Authors: Antonio Di Mauro, Josef Neu, Giuseppe Riezzo, Francesco Raimondi, Domenico Martinelli, Ruggiero Francavilla and Flavia Indrio
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:15
    Content type: Review Published on:

  30. Palamaro et al. describe a child with recurrent bronchopneumonia and very high IgE levels in which a variation, R156H, was found in the IL12RB1 gene that encodes the IL-12Rβ1 chain. Based on the absence of this v...

    Authors: Esther van de Vosse, Jaap T van Dissel, Loredana Palamaro, Giuliana Giardino, Francesca Santamaria, Rosa Romano, Anna Fusco, Silvia Montella, Mariacarolina Salerno, Matilde Valeria Ursini and Claudio Pignata
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:12
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  31. Children who were <1000 g (ELBW extremely low birth weight) at birth more frequently present with wheezing which is the most common reason that pediatric consultation is sought. Therefore asthma is diagnosed v...

    Authors: Przemko Kwinta, Grzegorz Lis, Malgorzata Klimek, Andrzej Grudzien, Tomasz Tomasik, Karolina Poplawska and Jacek Jozef Pietrzyk
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2013 39:4
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a non invasive method for assessing the inflammatory status of children with airway disease. Different ways to measure FeNO levels are currently available. The possibi...

    Authors: Angelo Manna, Carlo Caffarelli, Margherita Varini, Carlotta Povesi Dascola, Silvia Montella, Marco Maglione, Francesco Sperlì and Francesca Santamaria
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:74
    Content type: Review Published on:

  33. Among legumes, lentils seem to be the most common legume implicated in pediatric allergic reactions in the Mediterranean area and India, and usually they start early in life, below 4 years of age.

    Authors: Giovanna Vitaliti, Ignazio Morselli, Valeria Di Stefano, Angela Lanzafame, Mario La Rosa and Salvatore Leonardi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:71
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  34. It’s well established that asthma, allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are three closely related disease. In pediatrics, these conditions represent a common issue in daily practice. The scientific community h...

    Authors: Davide Caimmi, Alessia Marseglia, Giovanni Pieri, Serena Benzo, Luca Bosa and Silvia Caimmi
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:60
    Content type: Review Published on:

  35. Nasal cytology is a very useful diagnostic tool in nasal disorders, being able to detect both the cellular modifications of the nasal epithelium caused by either allergen exposure or irritative stimuli (that m...

    Authors: Matteo Gelardi, Gian Luigi Marseglia, Amelia Licari, Massimo Landi, Ilaria Dell’Albani, Cristoforo Incorvaia, Franco Frati and Nicola Quaranta
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:51
    Content type: Review Published on:

  36. The sensitization to more allergens, such as polysenitization, is becoming a frequent characteristic of allergic patients, since the childhood. However, this phenomenon is considered an obstacle to prescribe i...

    Authors: Giorgio Ciprandi, Cristoforo Incorvaia, Paola Puccinelli, Ilaria Dell’Albani and Franco Frati
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:50
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  37. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is involved in cellular immune responses against intracellular pathogens by promoting the generation of T naive in T helper 1 (Th1) cells and by increasing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) p...

    Authors: Loredana Palamaro, Giuliana Giardino, Francesca Santamaria, Rosa Romano, Anna Fusco, Silvia Montella, Mariacarolina Salerno, Matilde Valeria Ursini and Claudio Pignata
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:46
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  38. The Hyper-immunoglobulin M syndromes (HIGM) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders resulting in defects of immunoglobulin class switch recombination. Affected patients show humoral immunodeficiency and...

    Authors: Silvia Montella, Marco Maglione, Giuliana Giardino, Angela Di Giorgio, Loredana Palamaro, Virginia Mirra, Matilde Valeria Ursini, Mariacarolina Salerno, Claudio Pignata, Carlo Caffarelli and Francesca Santamaria
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:45
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  39. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) is a distinct form of physical allergy. The development of anaphylaxis during exertion often requires the concomitant exposure to triggering factors such as intake of foods (...

    Authors: Carlotta Povesi Dascola and Carlo Caffarelli
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:43
    Content type: Review Published on:

  40. Clustering of Autoimmune Diseases (CAD) is now emerging as a novel clinical entity within monogenic immune defects with a high familial occurrence. Aim of this study is to evaluate the regulatory mechanisms go...

    Authors: Loredana Palamaro, Giuliana Giardino, Francesca Santamaria, Ugo Ramenghi, Umberto Dianzani and Claudio Pignata
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:42
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  41. The most frequent symptoms among the manifestations of cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) are gastrointestinal. CMPA pathogenesis involves immunological mechanisms with participation of immunocompetent cells and ...

    Authors: Giovanna Vitaliti, Carla Cimino, Alfina Coco, Andrea Domenico Praticò and Elena Lionetti
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:35
    Content type: Review Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014 39:82

  42. Asthma is the most common chronic disease in young children. About 40% of all preschool children regularly wheeze during common cold infections. The heterogeneity of wheezing phenotypes early in life and vario...

    Authors: Silvia Montella, Marco Maglione, Sara De Stefano, Angelo Manna, Angela Di Giorgio and Francesca Santamaria
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:29
    Content type: Review Published on:

  43. Atopic eczema is a common and distressing disease. This study aims to review PubMed indexed research statistics on atopic eczema over a-10 year period to investigate the clinical relevance and research interes...

    Authors: Kam-Lun Ellis Hon, Vivien Yong and Ting-Fan Leung
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:26
    Content type: Review Published on:

  44. The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in childhood in the last decades could be linked to concomitant dietary changes, especially with the modified and lower consumption of fruit, vegetables and miner...

    Authors: Diego G. Peroni, Beatrice Bonomo, Serena Casarotto, Attilio L. Boner and Giorgio L. Piacentini
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:22
    Content type: Review Published on:

  45. An 8-year-old child during the first year of life manifested severe atopic dermatitis and chronic diarrhea with mucorrhea and rectal bleeding; a fish-free diet was started based on weakly positive skin-prick t...

    Authors: Katia Pellegrino, Leila Emma D’Urbano, Maria Cristina Artesani, Carla Riccardi, Sandro Mancini, Sergio Bella, Federico Alghisi and Giovanni Cavagni
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:16
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  46. Severe combined immunodeficiency is within a heterogeneous group of inherited defects throughout the development of T- and/or B-lymphocytes. Mutations in recombinase-activating genes 1 or 2 (RAG1/2) represent ...

    Authors: Necil Kutukculer, Nesrin Gulez, Neslihan Edeer Karaca, Guzide Aksu and Afig Berdeli
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012 38:8
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. The impact of atopic dermatitis (AD) on children's quality of life (QoL) in US and European countries is relatively well known, though rarely evaluated in the Italian population. Moreover, the association betw...

    Authors: Fiorella Monti, Francesca Agostini, Francesca Gobbi, Erica Neri, Sandra Schianchi and Fabio Arcangeli
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2011 37:59
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is the most frequent food allergy in childhood; the trend of CMA is often characterized by a progressive improvement to achieve tolerance in the first 4 to 5 years of life.

    Authors: Federica Bellini, Giampaolo Ricci, Arianna Dondi, Valentina Piccinno, Federico Angelini and Andrea Pession
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2011 37:52
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare X-linked immunodeficiency disorder that is characterized by a variable clinical phenotype. Matched donor bone marrow transplantation is currently the only curative therapeuti...

    Authors: Kostas N Syrigos, Nektaria Makrilia, Jeffrey Neidhart, Michael Moutsos, Sotirios Tsimpoukis, Maria Kiagia and Muhammad W Saif
    Citation: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2011 37:42
    Content type: Case report Published on:

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